http://www.wretch.cc/blog/angelduck777/24969473

When writing a restaurant marketing plan, it is important to keep in mind why you are writing it. A marketing plan obviously outlines how your company will market its business but it is also important to keep in mind that marketing efforts are all created in order to generate business by articulating what and who your company is. In this sense, the marketing mix that your company chooses to employ should be an accurate representation of your company concept.

Choosing a Marketing Mix

Choosing the right blend of marketing tools is like creating a good team. Making sure that your marketing efforts are complementary and working together in synergy is essential to your restaurant's success. If you send out coupons to one group while advertising in high-end magazines, your marketing efforts will be fighting one another, creating separate brand images which ultimately will turn off customers.

The marketing mix chosen must reflect the business. For example, if you are a high-end restaurant, excessive promotional discounts may deteriorate your brand and articulate to customers that "this restaurant does not deserve full price".

Catering to Customers

Promotion and marketing should appeal primarily to the restaurant's target market. This may mean giving discounts to college students if you operate primarily in a college town, sponsoring local community organizations if your market is primarily a small tight-knit community, or emphasizing appealing aspects of your business such as a famous chef if your clientele is primarily high-end. Remember that there is no one-size-fits-all formula for a restaurant's marketing plan; it all relies upon appealing to the particular group of customers that make up your core clientele.

Remember What You Are Selling

Your restaurant is a business and, ultimately, if you cannot get your food in the customer's mouths it will be difficult to break even. Though some restaurants' reputations sell the experience more than their food (ie: Hooters, Medieval Knights, etc.), in general, marketing efforts should center around why your food is appealing, exotic, high-quality, or in some way unique. There must be some reason certain customers will want to dine at your restaurant as opposed to any other competitor's establishment.

Conclusion

The most important thing to keep in mind is that marketing efforts must be cohesive and promote one brand image in order to create an adequate representation of the company's concept. Choosing appropriate marketing vehicles that reflect your establishment and how your food is unique are keys to an effective marketing plan.

Simply Famous Viral Marketing Techniques that Work

The internet boom has made mass communication achievable with just a click of a mouse. Together with this development, the internet has become a vast market that people are taking advantage of. One of the best strategies to get those customers to buy your product is through Viral Marketing. Most advertisers believe that this type of strategy is the most effective way in hauling in customers. In a can, Viral Marketing is really imitates a virus. It moves on its own, multiples sporadically, and only needs little effort for its dissemination.

A classic example of this strategy is the Hotmail email service. Hotmail offered a free email account, and then on every message sent, a short message below every email has a commanding line asking the receiver to sign up to Hotmail. It has grown like bushfire in the internet, and today Hotmail has become one of the leading providers of free email service. They are also getting advertisements by the bucket. However, viral marketing nowadays are more complicated, and it takes some of strategy and a lot of creativity to make one. Here are some simple techniques that you can use to stay ahead of the game.

Create a ‘fun page’ on your website
If you are a serious marketer, and you don’t have enough funding for a major advertisement, this is one of the best techniques that you can use. Make a little sub-page on your site with funny or interesting videos or images, or even create a mini-game that is focused on your product. Be sure to include a ‘tell a friend’ link to ensure that your ‘fun page’ gets disseminated. Creativity is the key. If your ‘fun’ page is cool enough, you can be sure that this page will sell like pancakes, and you’ll get more hits for your website.

Think Weird
Creating a ‘weird gossip’ is another strategy in viral marketing. A sample of this is the subservient chicken website that Burger King created. The page contained a ‘video camera’ with a command line below it. On the site, just type what you want the subservient chicken to do, and voila, the chicken will do it. People were born curious. If you have some idea in your head, do it. The subservient chicken became so popular that people forwarded the links to their friends, and all Burger King had to do was to maintain the site. Although the downside on this strategy is that you might create ‘bad’ publicity. But as the old saying goes, a bad publicity is still publicity.

Spam it!
An Email can also be used in this type of technique. Create a message with funny pictures or a video, and then send it to your friends. If it is funny enough, you can be sure that this little message will reach a lot of people. Remember that the images or video should contain at least a brand logo or a website address. The best thing that you can do here is to include your ‘name’ on the video itself, like for example a guy wearing a t-shirt with your brand name on it, or a bunch of funny pictures dealing with your products. Most forwarded emails are viral marketing strategies. In this technique, you can always be sure that your emails are going to be opened, because they came from the friends of the email owner.

Give Some
Free is always good. Most people search the internet with ‘free’ as one of their keywords. Free stuff can boost your website’s popularity. There are a lot of cheap items out there that you can give out for free. Creating a downloadable Flash game is one of the most used today. But of course, you should make it interesting, and make the people think that without this free stuff on their desktop, they’re missing out a lot.

If you’re serious about your business, be sure to apply these techniques in your ad campaign. This may not answer all of your promotional needs, but this will surely help you a lot in creating a buzz. It’s cheap, it’s easy and it’s effective. Remember, think like a virus!

...Marketing experts will do everything just to sell their products most companies a lot a big budget to advertise their products some even sacrifice the quality of their product so that they can just have money to pay the advertising cost.

--slogans, freebies, makeover, ads, join the bandwagon,

http://www.famousquotes.me.uk/epitaphs/36.htm

GOOD FREND FOR JESUS SAKE FORBEARE TO
DIGG THE DUST ENCLOASED HEARE.
BLEST BE YE MAN YT SPARES THES STONES AND
CURST BE HE YT MOVES MY BONES

William Shakespeare

WORKERS OF ALL LANDS UNITE.

THE PHILOSOPHERS HAVE ONLY INTERPRETED THE WORLD IN VARIOUS WAYS; THE POINT IS TO CHANGE IT

Karl Marx

STEEL TRUE, BLADE STRAIGHT

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

AGAINST YOU I WILL FLING MYSELF,
UNVANQUISHED AND UNYIELDING, O DEATH!

Virginia Woolf

CAST A COLD EYE ON LIFE, ON DEATH
HORSEMEN, PASS BY!

William Butler Yeats

x

Stranger ! Approach this spot with gravity !

John Brown is filling his last cavity.

Epitaph of an unknown dentist

MURDERD BY A TRAITOR AND A COWARD WHOSE
NAME IS NOT WORTHY TO APPEAR HERE

Jesse James

LOOKING INTO THE PORTALS OF ETERNITY TEACHES THAT
THE BROTHERHOOD OF MAN IS INSPIRED BY GOD'S WORD;
THEN ALL PREJUDICE OF RACE VANISHES AWAY.

George Washington

THE BEST IS YET TO COME

Francis Albert Sinatra

ALIEN TEARS WILL FILL FOR HIM
PITY'S LONG-BROKEN ERN,
FOR HIS MOURNERS WILL BE OUTCAST MEN,
AND OUTCASTS ALWAYS MOURN.

Oscar Wilde

A Genius of Comedy His Talent Brought Joy
and Laughter to All the World.

Oliver Hardy

Alexander Newton

Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night:
God said, 'Let Newton be!' and all was light.

March 20th 1727

Composed by Alexander Pope

VOCATUS ATQUE NON VOCATUS DEUS ADERIT

(Invoked or not invoked, the god is present.)

Carl Jung

EVERYBODY LOVES SOMEBODY SOMETIME

Dean Martin

The body of Benjamin Franklin, printer (like the cover of an old book, its
contents worn out, and stript of its lettering and gilding) lies here, food for
worms. Yet the work itself shall not lost, for it will, as he
believed, appear once more In a new and more beautiful
edition, corrected and amended by its Author

Benjamin Franklin

I am ready to meet my Maker.

Whether my Maker is prepared for the great ordeal
of meeting me is another matter.

Winston Churchill (1874-1965)

SHE DID IT THE HARD WAY

Bette Davis

A GENTLE MAN AND A GENTLEMAN

Jack Dempsey

"That's All Folks!"
The Man of a Thousand Voices
Mel Blanc

Sleep with a smile.
Sammy Cahn

A star on earth - a star in heaven
Karen Carpenter

Steel True, Blade Straight
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Called Back
Emily Dickinson

...that nothing's so sacred as honor and nothing's so loyal as love
Wyatt Earp

The passive master lent his hand,
To the vast Soul which o'er him planned.
Ralph Waldo Emerson

So we beat on, boats against the current,
borne back ceaselessly
into the past
- - - Great Gatsby
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald

I had A Lover's Quarrel With The World
Robert Lee Frost

Even amidst fierce flames the golden lotus can be planted.
Sylvia Plath Hughes

Novelist-Citizen
of Two Countries
Interpreter of his
Generation on both
Sides of the Sea.
New York April 15, 1843
London February 28, 1916
Henry James

"Here lies One Whose Name was writ in Water."
John Keats

Gone are the living, but the dead remain,
And not neglected; for a hand unseen,
Scattering its bounty like a summer rain,
Still keeps their graves and their remembrance green.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

kata ton daimona eay toy
Jim Morrison
(Pere Lachaise Cemetery;Paris, France)
{True to his own spirit.}

As the flowers are all made sweeter
by the sunshine and the dew,
so this old world is made brighter
by the lives
of folks like you.
Bonnie Parker

Quoth the Raven,
"Nevermore."
Edgar Allan Poe

We love you
Psalms: 23
Freddie Prinze

We love you
Psalms: 23
Freddie Prinze

I never met a man I didn't like.
Will Rogers

"Loving You is Easy Cause You're Beautiful"
Minnie Riperton Rudolph
Hers was a gift of love, a miracle of life,
For all the world to see and hear forever.

One of the most interesting, if not ludricous, conspiracy theories I've heard is on little Suri being a manufactured product of Tom's desperate move to revive his ailing career. Katie Holmes was supposed to have been offered a vast sum of money to be Cruise's new wife (after Jessica Alba and Scarlett Johanson turned down the offer), and after Katie agreed, voila, here comes baby Suri to save the day. On another curious conspiracy theory, world leaders including bush, obama and the catholic church among others, are alleged to be part of this whole satanic illuminati conspiracy designed to subliminally rule the world. More often than not, conspiracy theories remain as unproven theories, but it is not


Top 10 Wackiest Conspiracy Theories
Published on 1/16/2006
www.2spare.com/

Dinosauroid-like Alien Reptiles are dominating the World

Christine Fitzgerald, a confidante of Diana, Princess of Wales, claims that Diana told her that the Royal Family were Reptilian aliens, and that they could shapeshift.

David Icke's --BBC reporter-- claims that humanity is actually under the control of dinosauroid-like alien reptiles who must consume human blood to maintain their human appearance.

"Evidence" goes from Sumerian tablets describing the "Anunnaki" (which he translates as "those who from heaven to earth came"), to the serpent in the Biblical Garden of Eden, to child abuse, fluoridation, and the genealogical connections between the Bush family and the House of Windsor.

Icke theorizes that the reptilians came here from the constellation Draco. Like most conspiracy theories, falsification of Icke's hypotheses is nearly impossible, but Icke continues to sell books and give speaking engagements based on concepts ranging from the New Age to his political opinions.

Apollo 11 Moon Landings were faked by NASA

Proponents of the Apollo moon landing hoax accusations allege that the Apollo Moon Landings never took place, and were faked by NASA with possible CIA support. Enthusiasts of this theory claim that:

The astronauts could not have survived the trip because of exposure to radiation The photos were altered: the Crosshairs on some photos appear to be behind objects, rather than in front of them where they should be The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. There are no stars in any of the photos, and astronauts never report seeing any stars from the capsule windows. Identical backgrounds in photos that are listed as taken miles apart. The moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. No blast crater appeared from the landing The launch rocket produced no visible flame. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts flapped despite there being no wind on the Moon. September 11 was orchestrated by the U. S. government A number of urban myths, alternative hypotheses and conspiracy theories have been formulated to explain the events of September 11th: The U.S., Israel or Iraq government orchestrated the attacks themselves. The Twin Towers fell straight down, at close to free-fall speed. This is a similar characteristic of a controlled demolition. The dust cloud and its make up are considered un-characteristic of a gravity-driven collapse. It is often pointed out that no steel building before or since the 9-11 attack has collapsed as the result of fire. The rubble of the Twin Towers smoldered for weeks after the collapse. This claim is meant to point out that steel could only have smoldered as a result of pre-placed explosives. Some consider photographic evidence of the plane lying on the grounds of the Pentagon to be ambiguous and unconvincing, citing a visual lack of burnt metal, human remains, passenger's luggage or seats. The Pentagon was struck in a newly renovated, reinforced section. Some speculate this location, the west side of the complex, to be indicative of government involvement, noting it as an attempt to reduce casualties. Flight 77 was able to fly in the direction of the DC and Pentagon area for approximately 40 minutes without interception. This is thought to be unusual given the Pentagon's close proximity to Andrews Air Force Base. There are claims that anti-missile batteries at the Pentagon should have intercepted Flight 77. The FBI confiscated a video, which may have captured the impact, from a nearby gas station attended by Jose Velasquez. This video has not yet been released. Barcodes are really intended to Control people Some conspiracy theorists have proposed that barcodes are really intended to serve as means of control by a putative world government, or that they are Satanic in intent. Mary Stewart Relfe claims in "The New Money System 666" that barcodes secretly encode the number 666 - the Biblical "Number of the Beast". This theory has been adopted by other fringe figures such as the "oracle" Sollog, who refuses to label any of his books with barcodes on the grounds that "any type of computer numbering systems MANDATED by any government or business is part of the PROPHECY of the BEAST controlling you." Charlemagne never existed, is a fictional character Phantom time hypothesis is a theory developed by Heribert Illig which suggests that the Early Middle Ages (614–911 CE) never occurred, meaning that all artifacts attributed to this time period were from other times, and all historical figures were outright fabrications. One consequence of Illig's hypothesis is that Charlemagne never existed but is a fictional character. The vast majority of historians believe this theory to be complete fiction, as all cited evidence can be considered circumstantial. The Truth is out there, on Area 51 The secretive nature of Area 51 and undoubted connection to classified aircraft research, together with reports of unusual phenomena, have led Area 51 to become a centerpiece of modern UFO and conspiracy theory folklore. Some of the unconventional activities claimed to be underway at Area 51 include: The storage, examination, and reverse engineering of crashed alien spacecraft (including material supposedly recovered at Roswell), the study of their occupants (living and dead), and the manufacture of aircraft based on alien technology. Meetings or joint undertakings with extraterrestrials. The development of exotic energy weapons (for SDI applications or otherwise) or means of weather control. Activities related to a supposed shadowy world government. Microsoft sends messages on Wingdings Font The Wingdings Font included with Windows has a history of controversy. In 1992, only days after the release of Windows 3.1, it was discovered that the character sequence "NYC" in Wingdings was rendered as Skull and crossbones symbol, Star of David, and thumbs up gesture. This could be interpreted as a message of approval of killing Jews, especially those from New York City. Microsoft strongly denied this was intentional, and insisted that the final arrangement of the glyphs in the font was largely random. Various other combinations of Wingings characters are alleged to have special significance by conspiracy theorists, but these results are likely purely coincidental. U.S. military caused the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Popular Arab news services claim the U.S. and Indian militaries deliberately caused the Indian Ocean tsunamis with electromagnetic pulse technology. Another type of theory bases its claims on oil and gas interests. Others also reason that the technology is at least feasible if not highly probable since research into such technology has been conducted by the military as far back as World War II. The Nazis had a Moon Base Esoteric Hitlerists and conspiracy theorists interested in Nazi mysticism and World War II have speculated that the Germans landed on the Moon as early as 1942. According to other theories it is believed that the Nazis had made contact with 'half a dozen' alien races, including the malevolent Reptilians. Kentucky Fried Chicken makes black men impotent It is sometimes claimed that the Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise is owned by the Ku Klux Klan, and the chicken is laced with a drug that makes only black men impotent. Ironically, the KFC franchise is actually owned by an African-American.

http://msn.foxsports.com/other/story/9981486

Make Your Own Moisturizer With Vegetables By Bae Ji-sook Staff Reporter Strong sun rays during a cheerful summer vacation will leave a little more than just a smile on your face ― the newly tanned skin could turn extremely dry. In the worst case scenarios, layers of skin will fall off, leaving marks on the body and face for an extended period. Experts say that the ultraviolet rays affect the skin, damaging the dermal layer. They advise people to apply moisturizers abundantly after tanning. Lee Geum-hee, a beauty shop manager in Seoul and author of skincare books, says it is a simple process to refresh skin. She recommends using grapes, tomatoes, bananas or lettuce over conventionally used cucumbers and potatoes. "Lettuce contains lots of vitamin A, vitamin B, iron, calcium as well as essential amino acids that calm your skin,"she said. It softens the skin's tone, which is usually toughened and darkened due to repeated sun exposure. Peptine in tomatoes brightens your skin, she added, while grapes have lots of vitamins and minerals that help "revitalize" your skin. The sugar, protein, fat and vitamins of bananas keep your skin moist and clear, she said. Following Lee's instructions, healthy hand-made mask packs can be created with these easy recipes. Lettuce toner: Blend 60 grams of lettuce and 30 milliliters of stilled water with a mixer. Filter the liquid twice: first with a piece of gauze, then with a coffee filter. Apply to the face as often as needed and keep stored in a refrigerator. Tomato mask pack: Blend one tomato, setting aside two spoonfuls for later use. Add flour to the mixture. Apply the mix onto a clean face and cover with a piece of gauze. Place the remaining two spoonfuls of blended tomato juice on top of the gauze. Leave the mask on for about 30-50 minutes, and then carefully remove the gauze. Use a warm towel to wipe off any excess, then a cold towel for a refreshing finish. Grape Pack: Take 10 grapes, one large spoonful of yogurt and blend them in a mixer. For dry skin, add flour or grain powder. For oily skin, add oatmeal powder. Wash your face and then apply the mixture to your face abundantly. Cover with a piece of gauze and leave the mask on for 40 minutes. Wipe off the mask with a warm towel, then a cool one. Banana shower gel: Take one banana, 40 grams of seaweed, two spoonfuls of a grain powder and 200 milliliters of milk. Dampen the seaweed in water for at least one hour and wash it until all the salt is removed. Blend the ingredients in a mixer. Apply it to the body and leave it for at least 10 minutes washing it off. bjs@koreatimes.co.kr -- But wouldn't you rather just eat the fruits and vegetables? :D

i think i want to watch this

wisdon in comic strips

Thanks to philippine star sunday comics, i get my weekly dose of funny and witty colored comic strips some of which have become my favorites throughout the years. I'm particulary fond of single-frame comics like the far side

source: www.ultimate-guitar.com/forum/showthread.php?t=1177644

and the lockhorns (a hilarious, sarcastic comic relief about a bickering aging couple, Leroy and Loretta, whom i dearly, sorely miss)

source: appreciateleroy.blogspot.com

and strips with kids as the central character like Marvin, Dennis the Menace , and of course, Calvin and Hobbes. I remember one particular Calvin episode about two months ago that struck me as funny, dark and very insightful all at the same time. It simply showed the wisecracking little kid having some difficulty sleeping and in exasperation, he blurted, "I think nighttime is dark so you can imagine your fears with less distraction". That's good ol' Calvin for you. He's just a tiny impish lil tyke but he derives really thought-provoking insights out of the most mundane things in his young like, in a very innocent yet witty and full-of-wisdom fashion only kids are capable of. I used to cut out strips that I really dig and collect them, but as with other habits that demand some amount of time, I don't get to do it anymore these days. Hmm, maybe I should again. I wish I have a scanner so I can post my own Calvin and Hobbes collection online, like this one I'm posting below, but 'til then, I will content myself with getting my daily and weekly fix through the trusty broadsheets and maybe, one day, my own copy of the must-have The Complete Calvin and Hobbes book. :D

from: http://www.nivmedia.com/calvin/classicstrips.php

Classic Calvin & Hobbes Strips The strips that are featured in this section are the ones that I found the most hilarious when I first read Calvin and Hobbes. Most, if not all of them come from the first book in the Calvin and Hobbes series. Please note that the copyright of these comic strips remains with Universal Press Syndicate.

The first Calvin strip ever - a classic if there ever was one! It's interesting observing how Bill Watterson's drawing style changed over the years. I feel Hobbes comes across much more as a cuddly teddy (tiger?) bear than in later strips when he is leaner and meaner (in a good way).

"Taste it. Your'll love it" - something my mum always said. Bill Watterson had a way of articulating what kids unconsciously thought in every situation which is no doubt what contributed to the immense popularity of the comic.

I'm a very much a night person and when people say I should get up earlier (what's wrong with getting up at noon on the weekend?!?), I can't help but think of this strip.

Flamethrower - classic :)

The first three panels are almost a direct transcript of conversations that took place at the dinner table when I was a kid. Now if only I had the initiative to do the actions in the last panel ...

I can't explain why - but this strip cracks me up.

I think another reason Calvin and Hobbes has been so successful is that it neatly captures the feelings that people have even when they get older. After all, who hasn't wanted to do this after someone heaped scorn on your latest brilliant idea.

I always wished I could be the smart arse that Calvin is.

Oops - the definition of 'sheepish'.

I was on a conference call at work when one of the participants had to leave to stop his daughter doing exactly this on their coffee table - "Sarah - put the hammer down ... NO SARAH! DON'T HIT THE TABLE!!!" I emailed him this strip the next day :)

one of the best cosplays i've seen


fffound.com

urban transportation specialist - cab driver
adverse weather visibility device - windshield wiper
renaturalize - hunt
sea-air interface climactic disturbance - wave
judgemental lapse - crime
maximum incapacitation - death penalty
physical pressure - torture
nutritional avoidance therapy - diet
induce adverse reaction - harm
theraputic misadventure - medical malpractice
natural amenity unit - outhouse
organoleptic analysis - smell
intuitively counter-productive - stupid
data transport system - briefcase
implement a lean concept of syncronous organizational structures - fire someone
human kinetics - physical education
fee for quality - tuition
producer cooperative - cartel
suboptimal - failed
uncontained engine failure - explosion
variance - mistake
personal manual database - calendar
weed - censor
creative alturism - love
grief therapist - undertaker

grasscity.com forum
(potical correctness gone crazy)

The Christmas Party Memo
Political Correctness comes through

---

FROM: Pauline Lewis, Human Resources Director
TO: All Employees
DATE: 4 November 2007
RE: Christmas Party

I'm happy to inform you that the company Christmas Party will take place on December 23rd, starting at noon in the private function room at the Grill House. There will be a cash bar and plenty of drinks!
We'll have a small band playing traditional carols. Please feel free to sing along. And don't be surprised if the CEO shows up dressed as Santa Claus! A Christmas tree will be lit at 1:00 PM.
Exchange of gifts among employees can be done at that time. However, no gift should be over $10.00 to make the giving of gifts easy for everyone's pocketbook.
This gathering is only for employees! The CEO will make a special announcement at the party.
Merry Christmas to you and your family.
Pauline

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FROM: Pauline Lewis, Human Resources Director
TO: All Employees
DATE: 5 November 2007
RE: Holiday Party

In no way was yesterday's memo intended to exclude our Jewish employees. We recognize that Chanukah is an important holiday, which often coincides with Christmas, although unfortunately not this year. However, from now on we're calling it our "Holiday Party."
The same policy applies to any other employees who are not Christians. There will be no Christmas tree or Christmas carols sung. We will have other types of music for your enjoyment. Happy now?
Happy Holidays to you and your family,
Pauline

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FROM: Pauline Lewis, Human Resources Director
TO: All Employees
DATE: 6 November 2007
RE: Holiday Party

Regarding the note I received from a member of Alcoholics Anonymous requesting a non-drinking table, you didn't sign your name. I'm happy to accommodate this request, but if I put a sign on a table that reads, "AA Only," you wouldn't be anonymous anymore!
How am I supposed to handle this? Somebody?
Forget about the gift exchange, no gift exchange allowed now since the union officials feel that $10.00 is too much money and management believes $10.00 is a little cheap. NO GIFT EXCHANGE WILL BE ALLOWED.
Pauline

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FROM: Pauline Lewis, Human Resources Director
TO: All Employees
DATE: 7 November 2007
RE: Holiday Party

What a diverse group we are! I had no idea that December 20th begins the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, which forbids eating and drinking during daylight hours. There goes the party! Seriously, we can appreciate how a luncheon at this time of year does not accommodate our Muslim employees' beliefs.
Perhaps the Grill House can hold off on serving your meal until the end of the party - or else package everything up for you to take home in a little foil doggy bag. Will that work?
Meanwhile, I've arranged for members of Weight Watchers to sit farthest from the dessert buffet and pregnant women will get the table closest to the toilets. Gays are allowed to sit with each other. Lesbians do not have to sit with gay men, each will have their own table. Yes, there will be flower arrangements for the gay men's table too.
To the person asking permission to cross dress - no cross dressing allowed.
We will have booster seats for short people. Low fat food will be available for those on a diet. We cannot control the salt used in the food. We suggest those people with high blood pressure taste the food first. There will be fresh fruits as dessert for diabetics. The restaurant cannot supply "no sugar" desserts.
Sorry! Did I miss anything?
Pauline

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FROM: Pauline Lewis, Human Resources Director
TO: All Employees
DATE: 8 November 2007
RE: The ****** Holiday Party

Vegetarian jerks: I've had it with you people! We're going to keep this party at the Grill House whether you like it or not, so you can sit quietly at the table furthest from the "grill of death," as you so quaintly put it. You'll get your f****** salad bar, including organic tomatoes, but you know tomatoes have feelings too, they scream when you slice them. I've heard them scream. I'm hearing them scream right NOW!
I hope you all have a rotten holiday and then drink, drive and die.
Pauline, the Bitch from HELL!

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FROM: John Bishop, Acting Human Resources Director
TO: All Employees
DATE: 9 November 2007
RE: Pauline and the Holiday Party

I'm sure I speak for all of us in wishing Pauline Lewis a speedy recovery and I'll continue to forward your cards to her. In the meantime, the management has decided to cancel our holiday party and instead, give everyone the afternoon of the 23rd December off with full pay.
Have a SUCCESSFUL day!
John

1. S-V Agreement

A subject and a verb must agree in number.

1) When the subject is third person singular and the verb is in the simple present,
a final -s or -es is added to the verb.

Peter wears a hat every day.
Jane eats some food and drinks some juice.
She washes the dishes.

2) When a sentence begins with there or here, the be-verb and the following subject
must agree in number.

There is a cat in the garden.
There are cats in the garden.
Here is your umbrella.
Here are my reasons.

3) When a modifying phrase or clause comes between the subject and the verb,
the phrase or clause does not affect agreement in number.

The key to the doors are in the drawer. (X)
The key to the doors is in the drawer. (O)

4) In an adjective clause with a relative pronoun, the verb must agree with
the noun referred to by the relative pronoun.

A hiker can go to places that is far from any road. (X)
A hiker can go to places that are far from any road. (O)

5) When a gerund is used as the subject of a sentence, the verb must be singular
because a gerund is singular.

Playing tennis are fun. (X)
Playing tennis is fun. (O)

. Verbs

2.1. Tense

2.1.1. Verb Forms

The form of a verb depends on its tense. The present participle (V-ing) cannot act as a
verb alone.

He going to school. (X)
He goes to school. (O)
He went to school. (O)
He will go to school. (O)
He is going to school. (O)
He was going to school. (O)

2.1.2. Present Tense

1) Simple Present

The simple present expresses general statements of fact, timeless truths, and
habitual or everyday activities.

now

Dogs are faithful animals.
The sun rises in the east.
Susan takes a shower every morning.

2) Present Continuous

The present continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of
speaking.

am/is/are + V-ing

now

Susan is taking a shower.
Jack and Jill are playing computer games right now.

2.1.3. Past Tense

1) Simple Past

The simple past expresses an activity or situation that began and ended at a particular
time in the past (usually with past time adverbs).

Mozart wrote music 250 years ago.
I went to the movies three times last week.

2) Past Continuous

The past continuous expresses an action that was in progress at a particular time
in the past.

was/were + V-ing

now

Ted was reading a book at 9 p.m. last night.
When I woke up, the birds were singing outside my window.

3) Tense Agreement

- When the main verb of a sentence is in the simple past, the verb in the noun
clause will also usually be in its past form.

Mary said that she was tired.

- When two main verbs of a sentence are linked by and and the first verb is in
the simple past, the second verb must also be in the simple past.

I watched TV and did my homework at the same time.

4) Irregular Verb Forms

Irregular Verb Forms
cut - cut become - became buy - bought make - made begin - began speak - spoke	let - let come - came find - found meet - met eat - ate take - took	put - put run - ran lose - lost teach - taught go - went write - wrote

2.1.4. Present Perfect

1) Present Perfect

has/have + p.p.

- The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened before now at
an unspecified time in the past (usually with already, never, yet, etc).

now

I have already seen that movie.
I have never seen snow.

- The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now
(usually with once, twice, etc).

now

We have had three tests so far this semester.
Ann has been to Paris twice.

- The present perfect, when used with for or since, also expresses a situation that
began in the past and continues to the present.

now

Bob has been ill since last weekend.
Mark and Liz have lived in Seattle for the last five years.

2) Present Perfect Continuous

The present perfect continuous is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began
in the past and continues to the present (usually with for, since, all morning, all day,
all week).

have been+ V-ing

now

I have been studying English for three hours.
I have been cleaning my room all morning.

3) Present Perfect vs. Simple Past

The present perfect expresses an activity or situation that occurred before now, at an
unspecified time in the past. The simple past is used to talk about activities or
situations that began and ended at a specific time in the past.

I have already finished my work.
I finished my work two hours ago.

2.1.5. Future Tense

Be going to and will are used to express future time.

will/be going to + V

now

1) When the speaker is making a prediction, either will or be going to is possible.

The weather will/is going to be nice tomorrow.

2) When the speaker is expressing a prior plan, only be going to is used.

Jay is going to fly to Sydney next week. He bought the ticket a month ago.

3) When the speaker is expressing willingness, only will is used.

Don´t worry. I will help you.

2.2. Voice

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of a sentence is the doer or the
receiver of the action.

2.2.1. Active/Passive

The active voice expresses that the subject does the action of the verb. The passive
voice expresses that the subject receives the action of the verb. In an active sentence,
the focus is on the doer of the action. However, in a passive sentence, the focus is on
the receiver of the action.

be + p.p. (+ by + object)

1) The passive is used when it is not important to know exactly who performed the
action.

Rice is grown in India.

2) The passive is used when we do not know who performed the action.

My book was stolen while I was at the library.

3) The passive is used when the performer of the action is obvious and doesn´t need
to be mentioned.

The book was found and given to me later.

4) The passive is used when the action is done by people in general.

Books can be bought at many stores.

5) Only transitive verbs can be changed into the passive voice.

Hangeul was invented by Sejong the Great.

2.3. Verb Types

2.3.1. Transitive/Intransitive Verb

1) Transitive verbs must have an object and do not need a preposition in front of the
object.

The students discuss about the topic. (X)
The students discuss the topic. (O)

2) Intransitive verbs have no objects.

Birds fly.
The baby cried loudly.

2.3.2. Linking Verb

1) Common linking verbs are be, feel, smell, sound, taste, look/seem/appear, and
become/get. These verbs do not express actions. They link the subject with a word or
words that describe it. Linking verbs are usually followed by an adjective. They are
never followed by an adverb.

Justin felt sadly. (X)
Justin felt sad. (O)
The food smells wonderfully. (X)
The food smells wonderful. (O)

4. Pronouns

4.1. Case

4.1.1. Objective Case

Subjective Case	Objective Case
I you he she it we they	me you him her it us them

1) When a pronoun is used as the object of a verb, its objective case should be used.

I love he. (X)
I love him. (O)
She wants they to visit she. (X)
She wants them to visit her. (O)

2) When a pronoun is used as the object of a preposition, its objective case should be used.

It belongs to I. (X)
It belongs to me. (O)
It is easy for she to say so. (X)
It is easy for her to say so. (O)

4.1.2. Possessive

Possessive Adjectives	Possessive Pronouns
my your his her its our their	mine yours his hers - ours theirs

1) Possessive adjectives are followed by a noun.

I agree with your decide. (X)
I agree with your decision. (O)

2) Possessive pronouns are not followed by a noun.

Have you seen mine pen? (X)
A: Is this your pen? (O)
B: Yes, it´s mine. (O)

4.2. It, This / That

4.2.1. It

1) Pronoun ´It´

You use it to refer to an object, animal or singular demonstrative pronoun (this or that)
that has just been mentioned.

A: Where is the book I lent you?
B: It is in my bag.
A: Is this yours?
B: No, it´s not mine.

2) Impersonal ´It´

You can use it as the subject of ´be,´ to state the time, day, or date. It can also
describe the weather or the intensity of light.

A: What day is it today?
B: It´s Wednesday.
A: How far is it from here to your school?
B: It´s about 1 km.

It is dark in this room.
It is hot and humid in (the) summer.

3) Preparatory ´It´

If the subject or the object of a sentence is a to-infinitive, gerund, or that clause, it is
often replaced with 'it' and put at the end of the sentence.

It is important to help others.
I found it easy to learn English.
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
I found it interesting talking with him.
Is it true that the earth is moving very fast?
He thought it strange that she had nothing to say.

4.2.2. This / That / These / Those

1) This and that are used as adjectives or pronouns referring to an object, animal, or a
person. You use this to refer to a person or thing that is very near to you while you use
that to refer to a person or thing that you can see or hear, but that is relatively not close
to you, so that, for example, you cannot put out your hand and touch it.

This is my book. (´This´s´ is NOT acceptable.)
That is your pen. (´That´s´ is acceptable.)

2) These is the plural form of this.

These are my books.
These is my book.

3) Those is the plural form of that.

Those are my pens.
That is my pen.

4) We can use ´this, that, these, those´ as an adjective.

This keys is mine. (X)
This key is mine. (O)
Are these photo yours? (X)
Are these photos yours? (O)

4.3. Forms of 'Other'

We use another only to refer to an indefinite, singular idea. Others is used only as
a plural pronoun (not accompanied by a noun). In all other cases,
other is correct.

	singular	plural
Indefinite	I have another book. I have another.	I have other books. I have others.
Definite	I have the other book. I have the other.	I have the other books. I have the others.

1) Another (an + other) thing or person of a particular kind means one more
thing or person of that kind. Another is used either as an adjective or as a pronoun.

He just ate a cupcake.
He is going to eat another cupcakes. (X)
He is going to eat another cupcake. (O)

2) Other is used as an adjective to modify plural nouns and uncountable nouns,
and others (other + noun) is used as a pronoun, so it´s not followed by a noun.

Do not tell my secret to other person. (X)
Do not tell my secret to other people. (O)
Some boys are tall, but other are short (X)
Some boys are tall, but others are short. (O)

3) When you are talking about two people or things and have already referred
to one of them, you refer to the second one as the other or the other one.

When you are talking about more than two people or things and have already
referred to one or more of them, you refer to the remaining ones as the others.

- When talking about only two

I read two books. One was good but the others was not. (X)
I read two books. One was good but another was not. (X)
I read two books. One was good but the other (one) was not. (O)

- When talking about more than two
There are four seasons in Korea. One of them is spring.
The other are summer, fall and winter. (X)
The others are summer, fall and winter. (O)

5. Prepositions

5.1. Prepositions of Place

1) At is used to talk about a specific spot where something happens.

She is waiting at the bus stop.
Someone is standing at the door.

2) In is used to talk about a space, the place or an area where someone or
something is, or where something happens.

Put them in the box.
I like swimming in the sea.
We are going to stay overnight in Chicago.

3) On is used to say where someone or something is by mentioning the object or
surface that is supporting them.

The book is on the desk.
Her office is on the fifth floor.

4) To is used to mention the place where someone goes.

People were taken to the hospital.
What time do we get to New York?

5) Across is used to indicate movement from one side to the other.

She walked across the garden.
The news was broadcast across the globe.

6) Other Prepositions of Place

B is between A and C.
D is behind B.
A is beside B.
B is next to C.
E is in front of B.

A, B, and C are above Y.
D is over Y.
X, Y, and Z are below D.
Y is under D.

5.2. Prepositions of Time

1) You use at when you are mentioning a precise time.

I usually get up at 7:00 o´clock.
cf. at night

2) You use on when you are mentioning a particular day or date.

I´ll call you on Thursday.
What are you doing on Saturday afternoon?
Christmas is on December 25.
Peter was born on the 14 of August, 1989.

3) You use in to say that something happens during a particular year, month, or
season.

I was born in April.
The Korean War broke out in 1950.

cf. You use in for nonspecific times during a day.

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.
We always listen to the radio in the morning.
I was the smartest student in fourth grade.

4) For is used before a quantity of time while since is used before a specific time.
For answers the question, ´how long´ while since answers the question, beginning
´when.´

She has lived in Seoul for 5 years.
I´ve been wearing glasses since I was sixteen.

cf. During is used before a period of time that is not quantified.

Where are you going during the summer vacation?

5) If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time.
If you do something until a particular time, you stop doing it at that time.

I´ll come back here by 5 o´clock.
You have to finish your report by tomorrow.
Can you wait for me until 7 o´clock?
I´ll stay here until next week.

5.3. Prepositions of Medium

On is used for electronic mediums (on the Internet, on TV) and in for print mediums
(in newspapers, in a magazine, in books).

I found this information on the Internet.
I read about this in the newspaper.
I heard about this on the radio.
I saw this on television.

5.4. Objects of Prepositions

1) The object of a preposition is basically a noun structure.

She is working in the garden.

2) You cannot use a verb or to-infinitive as an object. You should use a gerund.

She is good at play soccer. (X)
She is good at playing soccer. (O)

5.5 Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions

afraid of (by)
Are you afraid of spiders?
agree with
He left the firm because he didn´t agree with their sales policy.
I entirely agree with you.
angry with (sometimes at) someone for doing something
I´m angry with her for lying to me.
angry about (sometimes at)
What are you so angry about?
anxious about (= worried about)
I´m getting anxious about money.
anxious + to-infinitive (= eager, wanting)
She´s anxious to find a better job.
apologize to somebody for something
I think we should apologize to the Smiths for disturbing them.
arrive at / in (to)
What time do we arrive at the airport?
When did you arrive in England?
bad / poor at (in)
I am bad at tennis.
believe in God, ghosts, etc (= believe that … exists)
I believe in life after death.
belong to (= be a member of)
I belong to a local athletics club.
congratulate / congratulations on (in/at)
I must congratulate you on your exam results.
Congratulations on your new job!
depend / dependent on (from/of)
We may play football - it depends on the weather.
He doesn´t want to be dependent on his parents.
die of / from
More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War.
A week after the accident he died from his injuries.
difficulty with (to) something, difficulty (in) doing something
I´m having difficulty with my travel arrangements.
You won´t have much difficulty (in) getting to know people in Italy.
disappointed with
The public is very disappointed with their new President.
discussion about
We had a long discussion about politics.
divide into (in)
The book is divided into three parts.
dream of (= think of, imagine)
I often dreamed of being famous when I was younger.
dream about (while asleep)
What does it mean if you dream about mountains?
dream of
Many Koreans dream of reunification.
drive into (against)
Granny drove into a tree again yesterday.
enter into an agreement, a discussion etc
We´ve just entered into an agreement with China.
example of (for)
Jane is an example of a model student.
explain something to somebody (explain somebody something)
Could you explain this rule to me?
fight / struggle with
I regret fighting with my brother.
get in(to) and out of a car, taxi or small boat
When I got into my car, I found the radio had been stolen.
get on(to) and off a train, plane, bus, ship, (motor)bike or horse
We´ll be getting off the train in ten minutes.
good at (in)
I´m not very good at cooking.
the idea of (to) -ing
I don´t like the idea of getting married yet.
ill / sick with
The teacher was ill/ sick with the flu last week.
impressed with / by
I´m very impressed with/by your work.
increase in (of) activity, output etc
I´d like to see a big increase in quality.
independent of, independence from
She got a job so that she could be independent of her parents.
When did India get its independence from Britain?
insist on (to)
George´s father insisted on paying for dinner.
interest / interested in (for)
When did your interest in social work begin?
Not many people are interested in grammar.
kind / polite to (with)
People have always been very kind/polite to me.
lack of
Lack of time prevented me from writing.
lacking in
She is lacking in speaking skills.
laugh at
I hate being laughed at.
listen to
If you don´t listen to people, they won´t listen to you.
look at (= point one´s eyes at)
Stop looking at me like that.
look after (= take care of)
Thanks for looking after me when I was ill.
look for (= try to find)
Can you help me look for my keys?
marriage to; get / be married to (with)
Her marriage to Philip didn´t last very long.
How long have you been married to Sheila?
marry somebody (NO preposition)
She married her childhood sweetheart.
pay for something that is bought (pay something)
Excuse me, sir. You haven´t paid for your drink.
pleased with somebody
The boss is very pleased with you.
prevent / stop … from (to) -ing
The noise from downstairs prevented me from sleeping.
reason for (of)
Nobody knows the reason for the accident
remind somebody of
She reminds me of someone I used to know.
responsible / responsibility for (of)
Who´s responsible for cleaning the classroom this week?
rude to (with)
Peggy was pretty rude to my family last weekend.
run into (= meet)
I ran into David at the movie theater last night.
search (= look through; look everywhere in/on) (no preposition)
They searched everybody´s luggage.
search for (= look for)
The rescue team was searching for survivors.
shocked at / by
I was terribly shocked at/by the news of Peter´s accident.
shout at (aggressive behavior)
If you don´t stop shouting at me, I will tell the teacher.
shout to (= call to)
Mary shouted to us to come in and swim.
smile at
If you smile at me like that, , I’m going to start laughing.
speak to / with
Could I speak to / with your father for a moment?
suffer from
My wife is suffering from a serious disease.
surprised at / by
Everybody was surprised at/by the sudden change in the weather.
take part in (at / of)
I don´t want to take part in any more meetings.
think of / about (think to)
I´m thinking of studying medicine.
I´ve also thought about studying dentistry.
the thought of (to)
I became nervous at the thought of giving a presentation.
throw ... at (aggressive behavior)
Stop throwing stones at the ducks.
throw … to (in a game etc)
If you get the ball, throw it to me.
translate into (in)
Could you translate this into Spanish for me?
trip over
He tripped over the ball and fell down the stairs.
typical of (for)
The yellow sand storm has now become typical of Korean spring.
wrong with
What´s wrong with Rachel today?

5. Prepositions

5.1. Prepositions of Place

1) At is used to talk about a specific spot where something happens.

She is waiting at the bus stop.
Someone is standing at the door.

2) In is used to talk about a space, the place or an area where someone or
something is, or where something happens.

Put them in the box.
I like swimming in the sea.
We are going to stay overnight in Chicago.

3) On is used to say where someone or something is by mentioning the object or
surface that is supporting them.

The book is on the desk.
Her office is on the fifth floor.

4) To is used to mention the place where someone goes.

People were taken to the hospital.
What time do we get to New York?

5) Across is used to indicate movement from one side to the other.

She walked across the garden.
The news was broadcast across the globe.

6) Other Prepositions of Place

B is between A and C.
D is behind B.
A is beside B.
B is next to C.
E is in front of B.

A, B, and C are above Y.
D is over Y.
X, Y, and Z are below D.
Y is under D.

5.2. Prepositions of Time

1) You use at when you are mentioning a precise time.

I usually get up at 7:00 o´clock.
cf. at night

2) You use on when you are mentioning a particular day or date.

I´ll call you on Thursday.
What are you doing on Saturday afternoon?
Christmas is on December 25.
Peter was born on the 14 of August, 1989.

3) You use in to say that something happens during a particular year, month, or
season.

I was born in April.
The Korean War broke out in 1950.

cf. You use in for nonspecific times during a day.

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.
We always listen to the radio in the morning.
I was the smartest student in fourth grade.

4) For is used before a quantity of time while since is used before a specific time.
For answers the question, ´how long´ while since answers the question, beginning
´when.´

She has lived in Seoul for 5 years.
I´ve been wearing glasses since I was sixteen.

cf. During is used before a period of time that is not quantified.

Where are you going during the summer vacation?

5) If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time.
If you do something until a particular time, you stop doing it at that time.

I´ll come back here by 5 o´clock.
You have to finish your report by tomorrow.
Can you wait for me until 7 o´clock?
I´ll stay here until next week.

5.3. Prepositions of Medium

On is used for electronic mediums (on the Internet, on TV) and in for print mediums
(in newspapers, in a magazine, in books).

I found this information on the Internet.
I read about this in the newspaper.
I heard about this on the radio.
I saw this on television.

5.4. Objects of Prepositions

1) The object of a preposition is basically a noun structure.

She is working in the garden.

2) You cannot use a verb or to-infinitive as an object. You should use a gerund.

She is good at play soccer. (X)
She is good at playing soccer. (O)

5.5 Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions

afraid of (by)
Are you afraid of spiders?
agree with
He left the firm because he didn´t agree with their sales policy.
I entirely agree with you.
angry with (sometimes at) someone for doing something
I´m angry with her for lying to me.
angry about (sometimes at)
What are you so angry about?
anxious about (= worried about)
I´m getting anxious about money.
anxious + to-infinitive (= eager, wanting)
She´s anxious to find a better job.
apologize to somebody for something
I think we should apologize to the Smiths for disturbing them.
arrive at / in (to)
What time do we arrive at the airport?
When did you arrive in England?
bad / poor at (in)
I am bad at tennis.
believe in God, ghosts, etc (= believe that … exists)
I believe in life after death.
belong to (= be a member of)
I belong to a local athletics club.
congratulate / congratulations on (in/at)
I must congratulate you on your exam results.
Congratulations on your new job!
depend / dependent on (from/of)
We may play football - it depends on the weather.
He doesn´t want to be dependent on his parents.
die of / from
More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War.
A week after the accident he died from his injuries.
difficulty with (to) something, difficulty (in) doing something
I´m having difficulty with my travel arrangements.
You won´t have much difficulty (in) getting to know people in Italy.
disappointed with
The public is very disappointed with their new President.
discussion about
We had a long discussion about politics.
divide into (in)
The book is divided into three parts.
dream of (= think of, imagine)
I often dreamed of being famous when I was younger.
dream about (while asleep)
What does it mean if you dream about mountains?
dream of
Many Koreans dream of reunification.
drive into (against)
Granny drove into a tree again yesterday.
enter into an agreement, a discussion etc
We´ve just entered into an agreement with China.
example of (for)
Jane is an example of a model student.
explain something to somebody (explain somebody something)
Could you explain this rule to me?
fight / struggle with
I regret fighting with my brother.
get in(to) and out of a car, taxi or small boat
When I got into my car, I found the radio had been stolen.
get on(to) and off a train, plane, bus, ship, (motor)bike or horse
We´ll be getting off the train in ten minutes.
good at (in)
I´m not very good at cooking.
the idea of (to) -ing
I don´t like the idea of getting married yet.
ill / sick with
The teacher was ill/ sick with the flu last week.
impressed with / by
I´m very impressed with/by your work.
increase in (of) activity, output etc
I´d like to see a big increase in quality.
independent of, independence from
She got a job so that she could be independent of her parents.
When did India get its independence from Britain?
insist on (to)
George´s father insisted on paying for dinner.
interest / interested in (for)
When did your interest in social work begin?
Not many people are interested in grammar.
kind / polite to (with)
People have always been very kind/polite to me.
lack of
Lack of time prevented me from writing.
lacking in
She is lacking in speaking skills.
laugh at
I hate being laughed at.
listen to
If you don´t listen to people, they won´t listen to you.
look at (= point one´s eyes at)
Stop looking at me like that.
look after (= take care of)
Thanks for looking after me when I was ill.
look for (= try to find)
Can you help me look for my keys?
marriage to; get / be married to (with)
Her marriage to Philip didn´t last very long.
How long have you been married to Sheila?
marry somebody (NO preposition)
She married her childhood sweetheart.
pay for something that is bought (pay something)
Excuse me, sir. You haven´t paid for your drink.
pleased with somebody
The boss is very pleased with you.
prevent / stop … from (to) -ing
The noise from downstairs prevented me from sleeping.
reason for (of)
Nobody knows the reason for the accident
remind somebody of
She reminds me of someone I used to know.
responsible / responsibility for (of)
Who´s responsible for cleaning the classroom this week?
rude to (with)
Peggy was pretty rude to my family last weekend.
run into (= meet)
I ran into David at the movie theater last night.
search (= look through; look everywhere in/on) (no preposition)
They searched everybody´s luggage.
search for (= look for)
The rescue team was searching for survivors.
shocked at / by
I was terribly shocked at/by the news of Peter´s accident.
shout at (aggressive behavior)
If you don´t stop shouting at me, I will tell the teacher.
shout to (= call to)
Mary shouted to us to come in and swim.
smile at
If you smile at me like that, , I’m going to start laughing.
speak to / with
Could I speak to / with your father for a moment?
suffer from
My wife is suffering from a serious disease.
surprised at / by
Everybody was surprised at/by the sudden change in the weather.
take part in (at / of)
I don´t want to take part in any more meetings.
think of / about (think to)
I´m thinking of studying medicine.
I´ve also thought about studying dentistry.
the thought of (to)
I became nervous at the thought of giving a presentation.
throw ... at (aggressive behavior)
Stop throwing stones at the ducks.
throw … to (in a game etc)
If you get the ball, throw it to me.
translate into (in)
Could you translate this into Spanish for me?
trip over
He tripped over the ball and fell down the stairs.
typical of (for)
The yellow sand storm has now become typical of Korean spring.
wrong with
What´s wrong with Rachel today?

7. Participles

7.1. Present vs. Past Participle

Participles modify a noun and serve as a complement just like an adjective.
The ending of the movie was quite interesting/boring/exciting/surprising.
The movie had a(n) interesting/boring/exciting/surprising ending.
She is interested in math.
I was very bored with today´s topic.
Look at the excited people.
The people were surprised by the election result.

1) Present Participles have an active and progressive meaning.

Vietnam is a developing country. (still developing)
Growing children need nutritious food. (still growing)

2) Past Participles have a passive and perfect meaning.

America is a developed country. (already developed)
She is a grown woman. (already grown)

7.2. Participial Construction

7.2.1. Adjective Clause to Adjective Phrase

An adjective clause can be reduced to an adjective phrase only when the clause has
who, which, or that as its subject.

1) Omit the subject pronoun (who, which, or that) in the adjective clause or phrase.

2) If there is a verb ´be´ in the subordinate clause, we omit the ´be´, and if there is a
verb other than 'be', we change the verb to its -ing form.

Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?
-> Do you know the woman coming towards us?
He comes from a city which is located in the northern part of the U.S.
-> He comes from a city located in the northern part of the U.S.
Korean has an alphabet that consists of 24 letters.
-> Korean has an alphabet consisting of 24 letters.

7.2.2. Adverb Clause to Adverb Phrase

1) Omit the subject in the adverb clause or phrase.

2) If there is a verb ´be´ in the subordinate clause, we omit the ´be´, and if there is a
verb other than 'be', we change the verb to its -ing form.

3) We don´t usually omit a conjunction in a time-clause to convey the exact meaning.

While I was sitting in the church, I fell asleep.
-> While sitting in the church, I fell asleep.
After I ate dinner, I walked my dog.
-> After eating dinner, I walked my dog.

4) If the causal relationship is clear, we omit a conjunction in a reason-clause.

Since it is located over a vast area, China has a variety of climates.
-> Located over a vast area, China has a variety of climates.
Because we took the bus, we saved a lot of money.
-> Taking the bus, we saved a lot of money.

8. Clauses

8.1. Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

The main clause of a sentence is called an independent clause because
it can stand alone as a sentence, without the help of another clause.
You join two or more independent clauses with a comma and a conjunction
such as and, but, or, so, and yet.

The teacher lectured. And the students took notes. (X)
The teacher lectured, and the students took notes. (O)
It was cold. So I couldn't go out for a walk.
It was cold, so I couldn't go out for a walk. (better example)
He didn't study. Yet he passed the exam.
He didn't study, yet he passed the exam. (better example)
It snowed. But the school was still open.
It snowed, but the school was still open. (better example)
Andrew failed. Because he did not study. (X)
Andrew failed because he did not study. (O)

A dependent clause, also called a subordinate clause, does not express
a complete idea, so it cannot stand alone. You must connect it to a main
clause by using a subordinator.
There are three kinds of subordinate clauses according to their functions in
sentences: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses.

8.2. Noun Clauses

A noun clause is formed with a subordinator(that, if / whether, wh-words) +
subject + verb (+ rest of the clause).
Do not separate the noun clause with the main clause.

Sally wonders. If Mark knows how to dance. (X)
Sally wonders if Mark knows how to dance. (O)
A noun clause can serve these functions in a sentence:

1) Subject

All people are equal is not true. (X)
That all people are equal is not true. (O)
(= It is not true that all people are equal.)

2) Subject Complement

The question is the new policy will benefit us or not. (X)
The question is whether the new policy will benefit us or not. (O)

3) Object

I don't know he lives. (X)
I don't know where he lives. (O)

4) Object of a Preposition

People are worried about long it will last. (X)
People are worried about how long it will last. (O)

8.3. Adjective (Relative) Clauses

An adjective clause comes after the noun (antecedent) it modifies.
An adjective clause is sometimes called a relative clause because it begins with
a word called a relative pronoun or relative adverb.

Do not separate the adjective clause with the main clause.
I like people. Who are kind. (X)
I like people who are kind. (O)

Antecedent	Relative Pronoun	Antecedent	Relative Adverb
people things / animals	who/whose/whom/that which/whose/that	place time reason	where when why

8.3.1. The Functions of Relative Pronouns

1) Subject of an Adjective Clause

I don't like stories have sad endings. (X)
I don't like stories which / that have sad endings. (O)

2) Object

cf. When whom, that, or which functions as the direct object of the adjective clause,
you can omit it, with no change in meaning.

The cat is the animal which / that many Americans choose as their pet. (O)
The cat is the animal many Americans choose as their pet. (O)

3) Object of a Preposition

cf. We can omit the relative pronoun which only when we put the preposition
at the end of the sentence.

Math is the subject in I'm interested. (X)
Math is the subject I'm interested. (X)
Math is the subject in which I'm interested. (O)
Math is the subject I'm interested in. (O)

8.3.2. Relative Adverbs vs. Antecedents

I remember the day (when) we first met.
We don’t know the reason she is always late. (X)
We don’t know the reason why she is always late. (O)

cf. Relative adverb where is omitted when a preposition is placed at the end of the
sentence.

This is the town where I was born in. (X)
This is the town I was born in. (O)
This is the town where I was born. (O)

8.4. Adverb Clauses

This clause serves as an adverb, and it means time (when, while, since, as..),
cause (because, since, as..), contrast (although, though, even though..),
and condition(if, unless..).

When I became a high school student, I started studying hard.
Since I was tired, I went to bed early.
Although it was cloudy, he was wearing sunglasses.

cf. The order of the two clauses (main clause and subordinate clause) may be
switched.

If it snows tomorrow, let's go skiing.(O)
-> Let's go skiing if it snows tomorrow.(O)

Do not separate the adverb clause with the main clause.
If it snows tomorrow. Let's go skiing. (X)
If it snows tomorrow, let's go skiing. (O)